Introduction

Antibiotics—the word sends terror coursing through the veins of students and makes many healthcare professionals uncomfortable. The category of antibiotics actually contains many different classes of drugs that differ in spectrum of activity, adverse effect profiles, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and clinical utility. These classes can seem bewildering and beyond comprehension. We believe that taking a logical, stepwise approach to learning the pharmacotherapy of infectious diseases can help burn away the mental fog preventing optimal use and understanding of these drugs. The Third Edition of Antibiotics Simplified expandson the drug classes covered in the first while retaining the “key point” focus of the text that has made it successful. The Third Edition includes expanded coverage of antiviral agents, particularly new-andold treatments for hepatitis B and C infections. New antibiotics have been added since the Second Edition, and the chapters for each class were updated with new clinical and scientific findings.

Contents

Part 1: Considerations with Antibiotic therapy 1

Chapter 1: the Wonderful World of Microbiology 3

Chapter 2: General Approach to Infectious Diseases 15

Chapter 3: Antibiotic Pharmacokinetics 23

Chapter 4: Antibiotic Pharmacodynamics 33

Chapter 5: Adverse Consequences of Antibiotic Use 41

Part 2: Antibacterial Drugs 47

Chapter 6: Beta-Lactams 49

Penicillins 51

Natural Penicillins 53

Antistaphylococcal Penicillins 57

Aminopenicillins 59

Antipseudomonal Penicillins 63

Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations 65

Cephalosporins 69

First-Generation Cephalosporins 71

Second-Generation Cephalosporins 73

Third-Generation Cephalosporins 77

Fourth-Generation Cephalosporins 81

Fifth-Generation Cephalosporins 83

Carbapenems 87

Monobactams 91

Chapter 7: Glycopeptides 93

Chapter 8: Fluoroquinolones 97

Chapter 9: Aminoglycosides 101

Chapter 10: tetracyclines and Glycylcyclines 105

Chapter 11: Macrolides and Ketolides 109

Chapter 12: Oxazolidinones 113

Chapter 13: Nitroimidazoles 117

Chapter 14: Nitrofurans and Fosfomycin 121

Chapter 15: Streptogramins 125

Chapter 16: Cyclic Lipopeptides 129

Chapter 17: Folate Antagonists 133

Chapter 18: Lincosamides 137

Chapter 19: Polymyxins 141

Chapter 20: Fidaxomicin 145

Part 3: Antimycobacterial Drugs 147

Chapter 21: Antimycobacterial Drugs 149

Chapter 22: rifamycins 153

Chapter 23: Isoniazid 157

Chapter 24: Pyrazinamide 161

Chapter 25: Ethambutol 163

Part 4: Antifungal Drugs 165

Chapter 26: Antifungal Drugs 167

Chapter 27: Polyenes 171

Chapter 28: Antifungal Antimetabolites 175

Chapter 29: Azoles 179

Fluconazole 181

Itraconazole 185

Voriconazole 189

Posaconazole 193

Chapter 30: Echinocandins 197

Part 5: Antiviral Drugs 201

Chapter 31: Antiviral Drugs 203

Chapter 32: Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus and

Varicella-Zoster Virus Agents 207

Chapter 33: Anti-Cytomegalovirus Agents 211

Chapter 34: Neuraminidase Inhibitors 215

Chapter 35: Antiretroviral Drugs 219

Nucleoside and Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase

Inhibitors 221

Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) 225

Protease Inhibitors 229

Integrase Inhibitors 235

Entry and Fusion Inhibitors 239

Chapter 36: Antiviral Interferons 241

Chapter 37: Serine Protease Inhibitors 245

Chapter 38: ribavirin 249

Chapter 39: Hepatitis B Nucleoside Analogs 253

Part 6: Antiparasitic Drugs 255

Chapter 40: Antiparasitic Drugs 257

Chapter 41: Quinolines 261

Chapter 42: Atovaquone 265

Contents vChapter 43: Benzimidazoles 269

Chapter 44: Pentamidine 273

Chapter 45: Ivermectin 277

Appendix 1: Selected Normal Human Flora 280

Appendix 2: Spectrum of Activity 282

Appendix 3: Empiric regimens for common Infections 288

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